Glutaminolysis and Warburg effect are the two most notable metabolic characteristics of tumor cells, whereas their biological significance in cell proliferation remains elusive. Widespread recognition of the current hypothesis is that tumor cells use glutamine as the preferred carbon source for energy and reduce energy consumption, which has lasix 50 mg iv been used to explain how glutaminolysis and Warburg effect. Here we provide evidence that the supply of nitrogen, not carbon skeleton that underlies most biological importance glutaminolysis for proliferating cells. We show an alternative supply of nitrogen rescue mechanisms of cell proliferation in hlutamyna free media. In particular, we show that ammonia is sufficient to support long-term survival and spread of Hep3B in glutamine-free media. We also noted that the source of nitrogen limitation repressed carbon metabolic pathways, including glucose disposal.
